頤쑜睭ᇿ㚂흟ݙ흟匰ᒐ湭﷿睚퉥푵Ŏ蝳劕䲈욍ﷀろ橛뢚佧Ზ劕Ꞇ詟陞ꩾ⨢֖❟慲욍䡙쉗偪璍﷿ᔰ踤ᵓ츁扠佧䑑䡙﷿
﷿﷿﷿﷿﷿﷿﷿﷿﷿﷿﷿﷿﷿﷿﷿﷿﷿﷿﷿﷿﷿﷿﷿﷿﷿﷿﷿﷿﷿﷿

00㡸橛颗ᇿ㚂흟ݙ흟匰繿菱﷿ꁺ噧츁ﺶ敵⚐噧﷿₌頤쑜쑜偪ᒐ湭﷿睚퉥푵Ŏ蝳劕䲈욍ﷀろ橛뢚佧Ზ劕Ꞇ詟陞ꩾ⨢֖❟慲욍䡙쉗偪璍慲﷿ᔰ踤ᵓ睭

﷿睭

00﷿⑙偪掠慲﷿偪﷿﷿偪﷿睚퉥푵Ŏ蝳劕䲈욍ﷀろ츁ږ㦑ﷀ200ꅢ﷿橛161욍湭佧Ზ劕Ꞇ詟陞ꩾ⨢֖쉗慲욍䡙﷿﷿욍䡙慲ʐ靥﷿﷿䕥皑욍䡙扠ʐ֖ㄥ﷿䲈﷿ǿᇿ㚂흟흟匰젰㑦﷿灰敵₌頤쑜ស⮞偪掠⁔䭢﷿ᑻ꥜坦皍梙⪉﷿僚161욍慲頤湯걱﷿頤﷿陞﷿聢劕䲈呙ݿ﷉慲톚噒﷿퉥屎陋劕﷊뾀﷿㡸陋촰푚陋161욍慲璍ﺼ慲璍﮹䪞﷿ꆔ흟䡑﷿핸剢褤ⱜ핾ὦ੨﷿161욍䲈﷿睚퉥푵ǿ

00161욍湭佧Ზ劕Ꞇ詟陞ꩾ⨢֖쉗륞욍䡙﷿颗₌Ŏ1992㑦֖劕䲈욍ﷀ뚃璍ろ䑑閭뒀Ŏ蝳劕䲈욍ﷀろ慲ǿꆔ㑦욍ﷀ뚃璍慲핸慲﷿㺍₌﷿ꝿ孻晷֖慲ꅭ鮏﷿蝳劕䲈ǿ₌灰橕橕ﺶ㑦䍎敵灰噧﷿ꆔᑻ慲ᇿ㚂ւᒐ皑욍ﷀ뚃璍﷿偪ﺶ뱰ᑻ﷿﯋慲溏㒌颗륞六鎐﷿թ﷒檓睭

00湭佧퍫욍ﷀ뚃璍㺍₌﷿ꝿ孻晷֖慲ꅭ﷿ሥ﷿蝳劕䲈ǿ౮垇핸剢褤ⱜ瘰ﲁ힀֖佧퍫慲劕䲈﷿䁗豣硩﷿﷿晷֖統㡸䕥詟䲈﷿퉔镺ꭳ詟﷕ꆔ﯀ज़Ꞇ﯋앤솂媞﷿﷿溜㡸﷿ﻕ﷿䡑﷿䝎쒀晭ʐꆔ慲喖晭貌⩬☥﷿౨㡸粆낚......욍ﷀ뚃璍﷿㉚⨢֖隙陞ꩾᲖ劕Ꞇ詟﷕ꆔㅜ﷿ሥ﷿츰蝳閔﷿詟큒颗祺꥜镺ꭳ鉶㉵Ꞇ﯀供쵹ቩǿ쉗

00﷿﷿隸檓慲﷒檓﷿閭뒀161욍慲﷿颗﷿㉚⨢֖隙陞ꩾᲖ劕Ꞇ詟﷕ꆔㅜ慲䲈﷿ሥ﷿츰﷿᭿﷿츁⑙﷿偪掠﷿睚ၬ﷒檓剢ᇿ㚂ւ慲踤ᵓ﷿ꊔ161욍୷潳扠뒀֖㡸䲈Ზ劕剢慲㉵潒夰﷿﷿龔詟ᖖ㡸葧饬ㄥ﷿劕慲䲈﷿ǿթ䡑﷿﷿偪掠慲얃䚕颗首ꅢ⨢←﷿颗詟﷿睚慲ǿ

00佧퍫頤흟റﶹ161욍慲ﶹ字﷿Ŏ灰橕橕ﺶ㑦֖劕䲈욍ﷀろ₌灰橕橕ﺶ㑦䍎敵灰噧㵝⑕ꆔᑻ慲頤흟䲈䒍뱰陋ﺶ뱰ǿੱ檞੻偪륞욍욍ﷀ뚃璍慲ሣ㵪﷿掠쑜饬頤﷿䲈蚀뵕⩧쑜偪ǿሣ㵪﷿掠ﶳ蚀힀ꆔ흟쑜鞔﷿Ŗ힀䲈Ϳ﷿쑜඄Ϳ陋֖Ϳ慲華肀쑜睚﷿ﶹ字䑑੻偪蚀뵕袟큸Ґ溜㵝⑕慲陞﮼ǿﯕ욍뚃璍﷿ﲰ﷿ꆔᑻ袜慲161욍﷿Ꝿ﷿ﶹ﷿﷿੻䎛陋皍慲銑陋๏㦕﷿⩣₌頤흟﷈뱰റﶹǿ

00161욍慲鎙썹욍䡙ŒᆄꝾ᏿龜﷿腨詟﷿ﶺǿᆄ䝸թ뱰肟161욍慲욍䡙睭

욍䡙鎙睭Ŏ佧Ზ劕Ꞇ詟陞ꩾ⨢֖ろ
츁1﷿㍺供佧橛檓陞ꩾꞆ핸慲⨢֖䤰
츁a﷿陞ꩾᲖ劕츁詟큒颗₌⨢֖慲﷿ᑻꞆ₌噧㍺供ᑻ籭﷿ⱕ
츁b﷿詟ၬ陞ꩾ﷿츁詟큒颗₌⨢֖慲﷿ᑻꞆ₌噧㍺供ᑻ籭﷿ⱕ
츁c﷿핸慲₌䕥袘Ꞇ﯋詟ၬ镺ज़츁詟큒颗₌⨢֖慲﷿ᑻꞆ₌噧㍺供ᑻ籭﷿ⱕꞆ
츁d﷿詟ၬ陞ꩾ쥚溏﯋앤솂媞﷿츁詟큒颗₌⨢֖慲﷿ᑻꞆ₌噧㍺供ᑻ籭﷿﷿螑끿Ზ劕﷿灰﷿﷿﷿驔字킆劕﷿統ꔃ쥕﮽⚐㑦ǿ

00욍䡙統﮼﷿㍺供扠﷿㡸檓䑑灰閔陞ꩾꞆ핸慲⨢֖﷿螑끿츰ǿ륞閔욍䡙﷿₌鉺ꁺ֖﷿띩豣陋﷿캍靧꥜呭饬褐榈噧᏿韛桿詟統Ꞇ푫慲灰乗䁗慲赩릖橛﷿粆낚ㄥ﷿﷿뒀穦֖陋䕥֖孻Ზ﯋劕䲈츰䲈﷿﷿靧﷿佧﷿ǿ

00蝳﷿乣ﷀ韛﷿靧ꁺ﷿촰詟﷿筞佧ꆔ흟﷒륞욍䡙䲞驔푚璍㑮㵝肟䭢ꉨ﷿癣﷿﷿₌ቔ䪞롭੻ᵸ⟿푚륞욍ﷀ慲璍ﺼᑻ﷿Ŗ﷿ﺳ肀ﲁ﷿﷿陞161욍㺍₌粆낚㍺供佧Ზ劕陞ꩾꞆ詟陞ꩾ䕥֖慲劕䲈﷿詟颗㑜晭佧퍫Ზ劕Ꞇㄥ﷿䲈﷿慲剢Ҍ夰ǿⵝ⩣㚞츁珮﷿﷿偪掠Ŗ㵝陋膜൮﷢₌Ṗ퍫灰ﺼ璍ﺼ慲㒌﷿㚞偪掠蝩론蚀㒌䑑慲灰Ⱕ皍﷿颗﷿춀ﶹ⊈慲ǿ﷿﷿﷿蚀ᦟ瞙﷿춀統﷿젰﷿陞﷿궀ᆄ䝸թ﷒檓㒌慲舤䡙﷿䡙ǿ

  湭S.161 offence requires proof of a specific criminal or dishonest intent or purpose and is more serious. It follows that not every kind of access into a computer constitutes an offence under s.161...... What s.161 is intended to do is to punish access into a computer with a particular intent or for a particular purpose. The intent with which or the purpose for which the access is made must be either criminal or dishonest. It would also follow that it is the intent or purpose of the offender at the time of the access which must be looked at, not his intent or purpose at some later stage...... It is clear from the section that it catches acts preparatory to the commission of a crime or fraud. But I do not agree that it is restricted to such acts. A person who makes an unauthorised access into another person's computer need not have any intention to commit a crime or fraud...... All these acts may result in a gain to the perpetrator or cause huge losses, great embarrassment and serious harm to others.  But they are not necessarily criminal or fraudulent. The perpetrator's access to the computer cannot therefore be regarded as an act preparatory to the commission of a crime or fraud. However, if such access is obtained dishonestly, the perpetrator ought to be punished.쉗

00㒌ﺳꊔ肟﷿扠﷿Ზ璍⨢蚀֖﷿₌皑퍫ﲼᑻ군佧皑욍溜鮏肟慲䍎쵹Ზ劕陞ꩾꞆ핸慲㍺供灰쵹﷿孻Ზ蚀161욍ǿ㒌ﺳ鎐얚161욍慲﷿䥫颗﷿孻Ზ沈Ⱕ劕䲈Ꞇ﷿慲琰潒﷿﷿﷿詟﷿陞皑욍䡙扠颗흟㑜皑䪞䲈﷿ǿꊔ肟﷿螑䕥Ზ璍慲﷿⥳Ⅻ葧饬륞Ⱕ劕䲈Ꞇ﷿慲琰潒﷿龔Ꞇ颗﯋筞佧陞ꩾᲖ劕Ꞇ﷿﷿扠﷿ꆔ﯋颗詟ၬ⨢֖﷿﯋쐃皑솂ꔃ៿﷿륞颗 161(1)(c)썹(d)욍䡙慲핸慲ǿ

00乣֖慲๡赠䕥﷿虶⊈虶뵕Ზ劕䲈﷿Ꝿ푚陋﯀֖䲈ǿ౮垇₌豣റ橛촰慲蝳劕慲㙴랚﷿䁗﷿ቔ﷿﷿₌ﺶ㥺㥺๺㑦靧ﺶ㥺灰䍎㑦橕敵慲264➌푚陋161욍慲퉥屎袟璍䑑﷿佧224 ➌璍ﺼ慲큩ፚ큩劕﷿劕㩿譎ቔຕ๺饬ᩬ﷿統﮼䕥륞ቩ睚颗﷿䁗佧﷿ǿ

00թ꾗﷿﷿ቩ﷒161욍靼慲袟璍﷿ﲰ﷿ㄥ﷿﷿뒀穦֖䲈﷿﷿₌檀⢍籭Ꞇﲸ煎艬䪞﷿▌ၬቩ땏⢍請䲈乏偔﷿₌踤肀戮쵼Ꞇᩣ呵啛慲⑒縤﷿㡸陋₌묰﷿ɠꍒ﯋䲈츰䲈﷿䪞ǿ륞Ⱕ袟璍慲Ზ璍統﷿ᑻ큩屎㡸﯋Ṗ퍫慲劕䲈ǿ

00﷿﷿﷿⑙偪掠₌偪璍⩬㒌䑑ꊔ肟﷿ቩᆄ퍮隸161욍㵝肟퉥屎﷿ꊔ﷿ቩ湭晷쉗161 욍﷿Ŗꅭᆄ륞욍颗湭硺쉗ǿթ詟﷿陞륞Ⱕꊔ屎ǿ

00灰﷿ቔ䪞롭₌ⵝ⩣թ溜﷒檓慲驔袟璍䑑(HCMA723/1998)﷿꥜ﺳꊔ肟褤쵹⨢֖料葧饬劕䲈ǿթ﷒檓륞➌璍䑑膜൮﷢慲㒌᭿橛睭

  0湭161욍੨﷿瘰얚Ზ劕Ꞇ詟慲斗陞ꩾ﷿颗随蹭ɒ慲劕䲈ǿ褤쵹⨢֖料葧饬劕䲈﷿161욍ሥ얚䍎쵹葧饬劕䲈慲赩릖ǿ쉗

00﷒檓噦덚ǿ㡸㒌Ŗ큩啥䑨₌ቔ䪞롭₌ﺶ㥺灰﷈㑦㥸灰➌驔璍䑑﷒檓(HCMA77/2013)ǿ乣㡸統﮼﷿㵝肟퉥屎慲㙴랚詟ᆄ퍮ǿ

00ﺶ﷿թⵝ⩣꥜ⱐ肟灰Ⱕ隸161욍퉥屎慲뵕쵹츰䲈﷿ǿ륞Ⱕ츰䲈﷿蹭ɒ穦Ზ﯋蝤者Ꞇ罒ﻒ﷿ﷀ佧﷿粆낚륞Ⱕ츰䲈﷿﷿龔঎鎐륞颗湭硺쉗﷿﷿젰퉥푵ﭛﳋ湭ၞ﷿쉗汕婭

00﷿﷿佧鉶鑩﷿ቩ湭끛乣얃䚕쉗161욍﷿湭餢啛靼쉗Ꞇ湭ﻍ譫ᵓ큒끛乣쉗﷿թ詟﷿陞ǿꝿ佧榈踤빵葛낚頤쑜慲ꊔཙ﷿佧榈柳ꕷ﷿穦Ზ﯋Ꞇ﷿掠籞﷿﷿㡸陋₌햅㹜힀誘鵰썹鍘憃葛낚ﻕ﷿ꆔ흟﷿륞Ⱕᵓ큒﷿﷿Ꝿᖖ㡸蹭ɒﻍ譫ږ㦑慲﷿斈㚂﷿썹﷿斈๢킆﷿㡸陋袟慲⥸㚂﷿﷿颗㍺供὿쑜﷿㍺供褐榈Ꝿ詟轔솂慲ǿ詟큒颗隸161욍Ꞇ﯋ﷀ﷿﷿ቩꝾ佧檞㍺靺ﷀ靼ǿ

00﷿ꙓ㽼偪掠鎐﷿ቩ慲靼颗湭粆ﱶ끛乣썹ᵓ큒끛乣쉗﷿륞颗噦﷿啞ﷃ썹詟纆ᵸǿŎ僚袘ろ27욍ᇿ榖蚀ږ㦑榈偸佧ᵓ큒썹ﱶ끛乣ǿږ㦑﷿ቩŖ灰嵥熞ɒﱶ끛乣썹ᵓ큒끛乣ǿ

00թ貔⑒灰䍦偪掠Ꝿ﷿嚍﷿ⱜ큒ᵓ큒썹﷿쑜᭿供끛乣﷿詟쑜颗﷿ⱜ㑜晭慲ǿŎ﷿榈࠱﯀썹ﻕ荬࠱﯀調쭙﷿媃ろ츁﷿媃﷿䑑ʐږ㦑慲䁚﷿ﲰ﷿﷿媃19욍佧퍫陞﮼썹踤肀慲끛乣陋21욍佧퍫썹﷿쑜慲࠱﯀﷿꥜ၞ憍뒀Ŏږ㦑࠱璍욍ﷀろ츁ږ㦑ﷀ383욍﷿䑑ǿ﷿媃19 욍陋Ŏږ㦑࠱璍ろ16욍ꊔ肟﷿ꆔ₌䲈䕥踤肀ᵓ큒끛乣慲࠱﯀ᑻ﷿Ź佧斗⢞檞㍺陋←캈﷿罏ꭳ౨㡸沈쵹㑜晭ǿ㍺供₌䲈䕥檓࠱﯀慲﷿ᑻ﷿쐃熞ɒ﯋慲࠱﯀陋₌詟嵗山﷿斈๢킆陋﷿斈㚂﷿慲赩릖橛䲈ǿ

00թⵝ⩣㵝陋﷿₌젰㑦佧₌푵큒踤빵灰颃﯃﷿湭頤쑜赻崙ꊔཙ쉗慲䡙ﺼ﷿﷿偪㹜힀﷿쑜慲㑮﷿夰呔粆㑸頤쑜慲㙴썹ॣ﷿캍靧읒ꭜ﷿ቩ辂䙚䪞尰䲈﷿ǿ皑﯃㑮궔楿湭佧Ზ劕Ꞇ詟陞ꩾ⨢֖쉗큩뒀ﲸ韛䑑㝵12袟敵ǿ륞﷕﷕颗ږ㦑롭﷿﷿﷕੻٘慲﮹ǿꆔ흟詟쑜﷿詟統㡸161욍粆ﱶ陋ᵓ큒끛乣ǿ

00㚞珮﷿偪掠퍫蘤䶖聢劕䲈ቩ睚慲袜匰﷿⿿﯍ꆔ흟閭粆낚륞Ⱕ츰䲈﷿ǿ

00褐榈隙٘陋റ٘聢쾍僚﷿굧☥慲檑厐힀噧鑡袜﷿閭묰﷿噧ज़豣陋﷿끛ﺶ㥺㥺ﺶ㑦靧ꁺ﷿袘ၬ慲聢劕璍袟璍﷊뾀꥜尰袜ﲽ24靏﷿乣ﺶ㥺㥺ﺶ㑦慲272➌﷿袜靧ﺶ㥺灰䍎㑦慲6 778➌ǿ₌ﺶ㥺灰㥺㑦靧ﺶ㥺灰䍎㑦ﶹ젰⚐㑦籭﷿Ṗ퍫﷿ॷ媞﷿Ŗ乣6﷿﷿袜靧12ᶌ70﷿﷿袜醴ﲽ19靏ǿ

00﷿閭﷿ቩᇿ嬰ɒ﷿僚࠰﷿굧慲隙٘㚂﷿﷿㡸陋㵝﷉﷿ቩ₌琰橚陋粆낚聢劕璍慲넃﷿﷿캈ꔃ₌ﺶ㥺灰⚐㑦灰敵﷿聢劕璍㵪﷉聺﷿饬﷿蚀慲湭ཿ㚂﷿陋聢劕璍꾗㑩쉗ǿ

00﷿캈ꔃ핸剢慲䒍﷿夰﷿颗಄饬頤慲꾗㑩慲夰ူ鱰썥嚍﷿ﲰ﷿閭穱㑩﷿큸陋ቔ띩⒕즑慲聢劕䲈夰﷿橚⩠陋穱㑩퍫ﲼ僚﷿굧☥溜慲ཿ﷿낚﷿㵝﷉ɒཿ㚂﷿蝳罏Ꞇ䁚⓿ཿ﷿낚慲蝳罏쐃呭넃﷿閭ཿ劕䲈톚噒﷿Ზ璍⢍﷿֖ᕡ陋硺陞⍸ﺼ慲踤큢䲈ᜱ鎙銑﷿㡸陋閭힀袘ၬṖ퍫늗ቩ썹᫿钙靼請퍫慲纆顩퍫䪞ǿ﷿ቩŖ쑜쪂ὦ薈陞161욍陋Ṗ퍫ﷀ慲靼赩릖陋֖聢慲踤큢䪞﷿扠佧₌ʐꆔᑻ鶆陋佧੨﷿慲赩릖橛䖖๏㦕퉥푵ﷀǿ

00﷿﷿ꁺᑻꁺ噧֖陋묰﷿慲䕥﷕㡸﷿ቔ乐袜匰﷿詟首ｺ灰袟慲噧᏿韛桿慲늗ቩ睚ǿ֖陋묰﷿⊈ቩ﷿쵶ﲸ뵕詟䁗籞佧請統窘﷿硱饬聢劕璍﷊뾀陋Ṗ퍫﷿ॷ媞﷿慲﷿﷉醴ǿ₌륞赩릖橛ꆔ흟佧䝎﷿閭粆낚佧퍫劕䲈夰㡸陋㵝﷉佧퍫聢劕璍慲靼넃ǿၞ﷿161욍慲←﷿湭❫韛쉗₌묰﷿陞ꩾᲖ劕慲䪞﷿湭﷿齬婑쉗﷿륞灰ᕡ颗ꆔ흟噦﷿詟轔솂慲ǿթ쑜₌﷌⨢늗䍦偪掠ᒐ佧퍫﷿偪큒慲﯋踤ᵓ﷿坦皍ស쐃ǿ

00뵕䵠﷿ǿ

噦

뭳썗앢㑦뭳敵앢噧츁ݒҌ䍎﷿
ږ㦑ᑻ籭뭳썗ᑻ흷轹䁗